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当我开始学习工程时,原型化涉及昂贵加工和铣削小心后的单个碎片CNC编程(当然,回来后,Gamecube是热的东西,Goldeneye在N64上仍有一种有趣的方式来传递周末)。首先3D打印机我看到旧喷墨印刷技术,在连续的沙子上喷射胶水 - 但原型是原油,容易破碎。现在,我们3D印刷火箭发动机。
But3D打印具有局限性,特别是在原型橡胶状材料中。虽然现在甚至比一年前有更多的选择,但你怎么知道的3D印刷elastomers适合您的项目吗?而如果3D打印不起作用,替代方案是什么?
Overview of Rubber Prototyping Methods
In addition to3D打印是两个常见的,如果是老式的,原型橡胶材料的方法:模塑和铣削。每个过程都有它们在闪耀的区域 - 以及设计它们绝对是错误的选择。我们将从最窄的应用开始:铣削弹性体。(快速注意:虽然“橡胶”通常参考天然衍生的弹性体,我们将互换使用“橡胶”和“弹性体”。)
Milling Elastomer Prototypes
CNC铣削弹性体受到一个主要原因的限制:切割不断弹跳的东西是困难的。铣削橡胶仅在弹性体几乎刚性时有效。除了购物车轮的硬度更柔软的东西将被切割器推动,而不是成形。通常,用于铸造聚氨酯原型的铣削模具比直接铣削橡胶更容易。
如果你绝对必须尝试铣削你的橡胶原型,机械师有一些技巧。为了使弹性体原型部分挤出刀具,将叶片放在刀片上方;衣领可以“漂浮”在橡胶部分上,使其远离抬起。另一个凉爽的诀窍是冻结弹性体部分在液氮中,暂时增加其硬度。

请记住,即使使用这些技巧,橡胶原型零件的细节也会很差,因此如果您需要高分辨率几何体,您可以更好地选择另一种选择。这带来了......
塑造弹性体原型
这可能会混淆一些年轻的工程师:直到最近,成型是只要优质弹性体零件的选择。当然,当我还是个孩子时,NE是优质家庭游戏的唯一选择。时代的变化,但就像超级马里奥将永远是最喜欢的,演员氨乙烷在今天的制造业中仍然存在一个地方。

Creating molds was once a two-week process but now can takes less than two days. First, a master part must be created, with the exact geometry of the final parts. In the past, the part wasCNC Milled., but now the master can be3D印刷。然后,RTV(室温硫化固化而不被加热)硅氧烷倾倒在主体部分周围并使其冷却。最后,硅树脂模具被切成A和B侧,母料被移除,而Voila!模具。
这种方法的最大优点是硅树脂模具can be reused many times, so urethane casting is used for low-volume production, too. And with all the available urethane compounds, you have a virtually unlimited selection of properties, such as durometer and temperature use.

The drawback is that even with a 3D printed master, the process is still long to get even one elastomer prototype. Which is why, for those of us old enough to remember, 3D printing is such a miracle. (Just like Geralt’s hair movement in那巫师。吹我的马里奥的思想。)
3D印刷弹性体原型
Finally,3D打印elastomer prototypes—what you’ve all been waiting for—or rather, what我们已经一直在等待。这项技术仍然是新的(即使通过3D打印标准)和不完美,但仍然是惊人的。但它并不完美所有应用程序,所以让我通过您的设计决定来指导您。
模拟橡胶的旧方法选择性激光烧结(SLS) with a flexible base, which resulted in an elastic part. However, the parts are still quite stiff, have low stretch, break after repeated flexure, and have a low resolution finish—not ideal for many prototypes. Until recently, this was the best that could be hoped for, but newer materials are making their way into the market.

印刷的令人难以置信的进步PolyJet技术。通过多种来自同一头部的材料,在无数的组合中,Polyjet不仅可以准确地模拟橡胶性能,而且还可以模拟过模 - 刚性部分部分或完全覆盖rubber-like material—which used to be particularly difficult to prototype.
添加了多功能材料可以模拟27-95岸A的弹性体原型,似乎是几乎完美的材料。不幸的是,在您决定使用这种材料之前,您必须看看最终实力的要求:这些橡胶状材料(如探戈)仍在早期开发中,缺乏真正的橡胶件的实力,所以使用一些警告。但对于更高的强度和更好的功能,正在开发雅杉这样的新材料,更接近真正的橡胶。

Elastomer零件的更新印刷技术在过去两年内爆炸到现场,随着夹子(连续液体界面生产)印刷的出现,这允许在3D印刷部件中进行更一致的各向同性特性。采用真正的聚氨酯,碳打印机产生生产优质橡胶件,有一个主要捕获:因为材料和工艺是如此新的,唯一的商业上有硬度为68岸A.这一限制,这项技术既昂贵,并且,对于印刷部分存在很少的来源的事实意味着这可能不是现在对您的零件的正确技术,但您肯定应该对进一步的发展留意。
为您的零件选择合适的过程
Now for where the rubber meets the road (forgive me, I had to): What process should you use to create your elastomer prototype? While of course that’s different for each design, the areas to look at remain the same: cost, production volume, required functionality, and hardness.
For low-cost prototypes, especially with lower strength or resolution requirements, SLS is a reasonable material choice. Very slightly more expensive, but with great resolution, PolyJet Tango makes parts with the right feel, even if they’re not as strong as production parts. Closer to production, but again slightly more expensive, is the PolyJet Agilus material, which gives broad choice in durometer and amazing elongation (more than 200% before breaking).

随着主部分,模具创建,最终铸造原型的要求,铸氨酸是一种昂贵的选择,但如果您正在寻找许多原型零件,这是无与伦比的。铣削很少推荐,但对于非常硬的橡胶中的低细节部件合理。
对于任何这些进程,可以创建许多硬度计范围,但列表属性使得该死boring reading, so we’ve created a simple chart that illustrates the durometers at a glance:

随着快速发展的3D打印技术,我希望我对原型橡胶的替代方案的建议很快就会成为奥术,就像我在驴孔国家的深度能力(仍然是最佳游戏之一)。但直到发生这种情况,需要时间考虑这些其他原型的方法,并查看哪些是最适合您的项目。
Need more info on designing your elastomer design? Be sure to check out our silicone design guide, and remember to sign up to have tips like these regularly delivered to your inbox. And of course, if you need to convince your boss of your choice of a certain prototype method for your design, feel free to forward her this article!